Seminars
Welcome to the PAMS department seminars!
Attending seminars is a great way to expand ones knowledge in our areas of physics, astronomy, and materials science. Each semester, invited faculty from other universities and from MSU, PAMS alumni students, and our current graduate students give talks on their research or their work. Faculty, graduate students, and undergraduate students of the PAMS department are highly encouraged to attend our seminars. The MSU community as a whole is also more than welcome to attend.
Seminars are in Kemper Hall #204 on Thursdays at 4:00 p.m.
(unless otherwise noted)
See the CNAS Events for other college seminars.
List of previous seminars.
Spring 2023 Seminar Schedule
| Date | Speaker | Title |
|---|---|---|
| 1/26 | 1st week of classes | No seminar |
| 2/2 Zoom |
Simon Batzner |
Equivariant Interatomic Potentials |
|
Abstract: Symmetry plays a central role in the representation of materials for the purpose of Machine Learning. In particular, all sensible representations must obey the symmetries of 3D space: translation, rotation, and inversion, in addition to permutation symmetry with respect to the labeling of atoms. Traditionally, representations have been constructed to possess invariance with respect to the above transformations. In this talk, I will discuss our efforts to generalize invariance to the broader class of equivariant representations and demonstrate how this leads to a large increase in generalization accuracy and sample-efficiency of the learned models. The talk will then discuss the recently introduced Neural Equivariant Interatomic Potential (NequIP) and Allegro potentials, two E(3)-equivariant Interatomic Potential that exhibit unprecedented accuracy and sample efficiency and outperform invariant potentials with up to 1000x fewer reference data. I will discuss applications to a diverse set of materials systems, including Li diffusion, amorphous structures, heterogeneous catalysis, and water. |
||
| 2/9 | Dr. Deepak Singh University of Missouri |
Designer Magnet with Fundamental and Practical Implications |
| Abstract: Magnetic honeycomb lattice is a highly intriguing physical system, which has drawn
lot of attention in both the bulk and the two-dimensional nanostructured specimens.
Study of the artificially designed nanoscopic honeycomb lattice, artificial honeycomb
spin ice, is argued to unravel many novel facets of topological magnetic charge physics.
In addition to the inherent geometrical frustration, the competing nature of exchange
interactions (J1, J2 terms) in thermally tunable artificial magnetic honeycomb lattice renders a disorder-free
environment for the exploration of new quantum mechanical phenomenon or gorund state.
Our research has revealed the development of highly unexpected magnetic charge liquid
state in the quasi-classical system. The magnetic charge liquid state is characterized
by the massively degenerate ground state of magnetic charges that remain unperturbed
to high magnetic field application, and a perpetual dynamic state in the absence of
thermal fluctuation at low temperature. Typically, the dynamic process in a nanostructured
magnet is mediated by the finite size domain wall motion, which requires magnetic
field or electric current application. Contrary to this notion, the dynamic state
in 2D magnetic honeycomb lattice is owed to the self-propelled magnetic charge kinetics
with very fast relaxation rate, ~ 20 ps. Such relaxation rate is typically found in
bulk material of atomistic origin. It leads us to argue that the magnetic charge is
a quantum mechanical ‘macroscopic’ quasi-particle entity, which was never envisaged
before. The new finding can have strong implication to the spintronics research, as
evidenced from the recently demonstrated magnetic diode effect due to magnetic charge
mediation in permalloy honeycomb lattice. |
||
| 2/23 Zoom |
John Dagdelen University of California, Berkeley |
Natural Language Processing for Accelerating Scientific Breakthroughs |
| Abstract: The majority of all materials data is currently scattered across the text, tables,
and figures of millions of scientific publications. In my talk, I will discuss the
work of our team at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory on the use of natural language
processing (NLP) to extract and discover scientific knowledge through textual analysis
of the abstracts of several million journal articles. With this data we are exploring
new avenues for materials discovery and design such as how functional materials like
thermoelectrics can be identified by using only unsupervised word embeddings for materials. To
date, we have used advanced techniques for named entity recognition to extract more
than 100 million mentions of materials, structures, properties, applications, synthesis
methods, and characterization techniques from our database of over 3 million materials
science abstracts. Our most recent work utilizes GPT-3, the same machine learning
model behind OpenAI's ChatGPT, for joint named entity recognition and relation extraction
to extract complex hierarchical information from research articles. Finally, I will
also give an overview on how we are making all of this data freely available to the
materials research community through our public-facing website matscholar.com and upcoming APIs. |
||
| 3/2 | Dr. Julia Medvedeva Missouri University of Science and Technology |
Fundamentals of Amorphous Oxide Semiconductors |
|
Abstract: Amorphous oxide semiconductors (AOS)—ternary or quaternary oxides of post-transition metals—have attracted a lot of attention due to high carrier mobility which is an order of magnitude larger than that of amorphous silicon (a-Si:H). Unlike Si-based semiconductors, AOS exhibit optical, electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties that are comparable or even superior to those possessed by their crystalline counterparts. However, the properties of AOS are extremely sensitive to deposition conditions, oxygen stoichiometry, and metal composition, rendering the available research data inconsistent or hard to reproduce, thus, hampering further progress. Moreover, owing to the weak metal-oxygen bonding as well as many degrees of freedom in disordered materials, defects in AOS have the structural, thermal, and electronic characteristics that differ fundamentally from those in the crystalline transparent conducting oxides. To navigate the large parameter space for AOS materials, computationally-intensive
ab-initio Molecular Dynamics simulations combined with comprehensive structural analysis and
accurate Density-Functional calculations, are performed for several AOS families.
Integrated with systematic experimental measurements. The results provide microscopic
understanding of complex relationships between the morphology, carrier generation,
and electron transport across the crystalline-amorphous transition and help derive
versatile design principles for next-generation transparent amorphous semiconductors
with a combination of properties not achievable in Si-based architectures. |
||
| 3/9 | Isaac Laseter University of Wisconsin-Madison |
The JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES): The First Results from the Deepest Observations of the Universe to Date |
| Abstract: Although much insight has already been gained from early observations with JWST,
most studies have been based on relatively shallow spectroscopy/imaging relative to
the observations of the JADES Guaranteed Telescope Operations team. As Cycle 1 of
JWST comes to a close, I will summarize results from JADES ranging from the first
redshift z > 12 systems both discovered and spectroscopically confirmed by JWST, peculiar emission
line ratios and chemical abundances across multiple cosmic epochs, and curious ionization
sources at z~11. |
||
| 3/16 | Spring break | No seminar |
| 4/13 | Dr. Sheng Ran Washington University in St. Louis |
Spin-triplet Superconducting State in the Nearly Ferromagnetic Compound UTe2 |
| Abstract: Our recent discovery of the novel spin-triplet superconductivity in UTe2 has inspired a lot of interests in the community. Superconducting state of UTe2 closely resembles that of ferromagnetic superconductors, but the normal state is
paramagnetic and shows no indication of magnetic ordering. UTe2 exhibits an extremely large, anisotropic upper critical field Hc2, temperature independent NMR Knight shift in the superconducting state, and a large
residual normal electronic density of states. All these results strongly indicate
that the superconductivity in UTe2 is carried by spin-triplet pairs. Even more striking, superconductivity reenters
in the magnetic field of 45 tesla and persists up to 65 tesla, which is the upper
limit of magnetic field in our current study. These extreme properties reflect a new
kind of exotic superconductivity rooted in magnetic fluctuations and quantum dimensionality.
Application of pressure reveals a two-fold enhancement of this unusual superconductivity,
which is closely related to the suppression of Kondo coherence. In this talk, I will
review our recent results on UTe2. |
||
| 4/27 | Dr. Yijia Gu Missouri University of Science and Technology |
Phase-field Modeling of Ferroelectrics: Polarization Rotation and Flexoelectricity |
|
Abstract: Ferroelectric materials are a class of materials that exhibit spontaneous electric
polarization that can be reversed by an external electric field. These materials have
unique electrical, mechanical, and optical properties, making them useful in a wide
range of applications such as memory devices, sensors, actuators, and energy harvesting.
In this presentation, we will present the phase-field model of ferroelectric materials.
In this first part, the domain structure evolution during cooling and heating will
be modeled. The stabilization of the metastable monoclinic phase and the mechanism
of enhanced piezoelectric response will be elucidated. The second part of this presentation
will focus on the flexoelectric effect, which describes the linear coupling between
strain gradient and electric polarization and between the polarization gradient and
strain. The effect of flexoelectricity on mechanical domain switching and domain wall
structures will be analyzed by phase-field simulations. |
||
| 5/4 | Dr. Bret Lehmer University of Arkansas |
An X-ray Perspective on the Evolution of Galaxies Throughout the Universe |
| Abstract: Multiwavelength studies of galaxies in the Universe, from ultraviolet to infrared
wavelengths, have been extremely effective at piecing together a basic picture of
how populations of stars evolved throughout cosmic history. At X-ray wavelengths,
galaxy emission is dominated by hot gas and populations of X-ray binaries, the latter
of which consist of black holes and neutron stars accreting material from stellar
companions. Using X-ray and multiwavelength observations of nearby and distant galaxies
(e.g., from Chandra, GALEX, Hubble, NuSTAR, Spitzer, Herschel, and other observatories),
we are developing an empirical framework detailing how X-ray binary populations and
their host galaxies evolved together over the last 12 billion years (~90%) of cosmic
history. In this talk, I will describe some of the exciting new insights from our
work, and I will highlight how new data sets, future observational facilities, and
improved theoretical modeling will continue to improve our understanding of X-ray
binaries, compact objects, and galaxies. |
||
| 5/11 | End of semester | No seminar |
| 5/18 | Finals' week | No seminar |
Previous Seminars
Fall 2022
| Date | Speaker | Title |
|---|---|---|
| 8/25 | Dr. Arthur Mar University of Alberta |
Materials Discovery through Machine Learning: Experimental Validation and Interpretable Models |
| 9/15 | Dr. Katharine Flores Washington University in St. Louis |
High-throughput Investigations of Phase Formation and Mechanical Properties in Complex Metallic Alloys |
| 9/29 | Alex Miller ThermAvant Technologies |
2010 Alumni Update: Career Paths, Thermal Management R&D, and In-state Job Opportunities |
| 10/20 |
Dr. Alice Bean University of Kansas |
Experimental Particle Physics and Tracking Detectors |
| 11/3 | Dr. Daniel Moreno Missouri State University |
Exploring the Limits of Electrosorption-Based Electrodes for Capacitive Deionization Using Thermodynamic Principles |
| 11/10 | Dr. Manashi Nath Missouri University of Science and Technology |
The Story of Transition Metal Chalcogenides: Multifaceted Electrochemical Applications for Energy Conversion, Storage, Sensing & Catalysis |
| 12/1 | Dr. Ruma Dutta Missouri State University |
Multiple Attractor in Tumor Immune Dynamics |
Spring 2022
| Date | Speaker | Title |
|---|---|---|
| 1/27 |
Christian Stepien (PAMS) |
Analysis of Thorium Ions in Chloride Aqueous Solutions using Raman Spectroscopy |
| 2/10 | Devon Romine (PAMS) | Modeling Atomic Layer Deposition of Alumina as an Ultra-Thin Tunnel Barrier Using Reactive Molecular Dynamics |
| 2/16 |
Bandon Decker University of Missouri-Kansas City |
Stellar Mass Properties of Infrared-selected High-redshift Galaxy Clusters from MaDCoWS |
| 2/17 | Emily Justus (PAMS) | Applications of a Combined Approach of Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulations and Machine Learning to Model Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) of Metal Oxides |
| 3/3 | Dr. Mahmud Reaz Microchip Technology Inc. |
Reliability of Silicon Devices - Hot Electron Effects |
| 3/10 | Dr. Corrinne Mills University of Illinois-Chicago & Fermilab |
Baryogenesis, Higgs Bosons, and What's Next |
|
3/24 |
Dr. Guang Bian University of Missouri-Columbia |
Cloning of Dirac Electrons in Graphene/SiC Heterostructure |
| 3/29 | Farhan Ishrak (PAMS) | Investigations of Mn-Co-NiO Based Heterostructured Nanocrystals |
| Sharif Uddin (PAMS) | A Study of Bimagnetic CoO/NiFe2O4 Heterostructured Nanoparticles | |
| 3/31 | Dr. Soumitra SenGupta Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science |
Gravitational Wave: The Song of the Cosmos |
| 4/7 | Dr. Xiaobo Chen University of Missouri-Kansas City |
Chasing Clean Energy and Environment Dream with Nanoscience: Photocatalysis, Rechargeable Battery, Hydrogen Production & Others – A Brief Summary of Our Past Research |
| 4/21 | Ripon Saha University of Missouri-Kansas City |
Identifying Large-scale Structures Using Dust-obscured Galaxies (DOGs) as Signposts 9-10 Billion Light-years Away |
| 4/28 | Dr. Tommy Sewell University of Missouri-Columbia |
Predicting Multiscale Responses of Organic High Explosives Subjected to Thermo-Mechanical Extremes |
| 5/5 | Dr. Xiangbo (Henry) Meng University of Arkansas |
Atomic & Molecular Layer Deposition (ALD/MLD) for Emerging Research Studies |
| 5/12 | Dr. Hiro Nakamura University of Arkansas |
Angle-resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy: 2D Materials and Heterostructures |
Fall 2021
| Date | Speaker | Title |
|---|---|---|
| 9/2 |
Rifat Ara Shams (PAMS) |
Study of Structural, Electrical and Optical Properties of Copper Oxide Phase Mixture Thin Films Grown by Pulsed Laser Deposition |
| 9/9 | Bishwajite Karmakar (PAMS) | Study of Structural and Magnetic Properties of Ni-NiO Thin Films |
| 9/16 | Dr. Adam Brandt (alum) Colorado State University & NIST |
A Measurement of the 2S1/2 - 8D5/2 Transition in Hydrogen |
| 9/23 |
Dr. Conal Murray IBM T.J. Watson Research Center |
Investigating Material Improvements in Superconducting Qubits |
| 9/30 | Dr. Shun Saito Missouri University of Science and Technology |
Cosmic Acceleration and the Role of Galaxy Surveys |
| 10/14 |
Dr. Yicheng Guo |
Dissecting Distant Galaxies: How Sub-structures Shed Light on Galaxy Formation and Evolution |
| 10/21 |
Dr. Maria Mills |
Force-based Detection of Sub-millisecond Topo-isomerase IA Dynamics |
| 10/28 |
Dr. Wai-Lun Chan University of Kansas |
Turning Light into Electricity – How Excitons Dissociate at van der Waals Interfaces |
| 11/4 | Emily Justus (PAMS) | Applications of a Combined Approach of Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulations and Machine Learning to Model Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) of Metal Oxides |
| 11/11 | Devon Romine (PAMS) |
Modeling Atomic Layer Deposition of Alumina as an Ultra-thin Tunnel Barrier using Reactive Molecular Dynamics |
| 11/18 |
Dr. Damena Agonafer Washington University in St. Louis |
Bioinspired Evaporative Cooling for High Heat Flux Applications |
| 12/2 |
Dr. Rizal Hariadi Arizona State University |
Understanding Molecular Machines using Protein and DNA Origami Nanoarrays |
| 12/9 |
Dr. Jingyi Chen University of Arkansas |
Controlling Three Dimensional Morphology of Nonprecious Metal-Based Nanostructures |
Spring 2021
| Date | Speaker | Title |
|---|---|---|
| 1/21 |
Dr. Jason Jackiewicz |
Seismology of Sun and Stars |
| 1/28 | Dr. Michael Gordon Æsir Technologies |
Nickel-Zinc Battery Research Opportunities |
| 2/4 | Kwabena Asante Boahen (PAMS) | Modeling of Argon Bombardment and Densification of Low-temperature Organic Precursors using Reactive Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Machine Learning |
| 2/11 | Dr. Oliver C. Grant Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia |
Virus-Receptor Interactions of Glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Human ACE2 Receptor |
| 3/2 | Bikash Timalsina (PAMS) | Development of EAM and RF-MEAM Potential to Study Thermal Properties of Zirconium Diboride |
| Bishwajite Karmakar (PAMS) | Tuning Physical Properties of ZnO for Optoelectronics Applications | |
| 2/25 | Dr. Cathy Wong University of Oregon |
In Situ Transient Absorption Spectroscopy During Materials Formation |
| 3/4 | Dr. Robert Baker National eXtreme Ultrafast Science (NeXUS), Ohio State University |
Watching Electrons Move at Interfaces: Visualizing Charge and Spin Dynamics Using Ultrafast XUV Spectroscopy |
| 3/11 |
Alin Niraula (PAMS) |
Transport Properties of Binary and Doped Diborides |
| Abiodun Odusanya (PAMS) | A Study of Laser-assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Technique to Grow Carbon-based Materials | |
| 3/25 | Shannon Dulz (PhD student, alum) University of Notre Dame |
Cold Exoplanets: Ground-based Direct Imaging and Population Studies Planning for Future Space Missions |
| 4/8 | Dr. Vashti Sawtelle Michigan State University |
Research on Inclusive Practices: Supporting Two-Year College Transfer Students in the Physics Community |
| 4/15 | Dr. Ryan Behunin Northern Arizona University |
Noise in Integrated Photonic Brillouin Lasers |
| 4/22 | Dr. Marilu Perez Garcia Ames National Laboratory |
Designing Ligands with Predetermined Metal Ion Selectivity using Electronic Structure Theory, Machine Learning, and Molecular Mechanics |
| 4/23 | Rifat Ara Shams (PAMS) | Electrical and Optical Properties of CuO-Cu2O Phase Mixture for Solar Cell Application |
| 4/29 | Joshua Kern (PhD student, alum) Clemson University |
Using ro-vibrational Emission from Protoplanetary Disks in Order to Observe Accretion and Planet Formation in Action |
| 4/30 | Abu Zobair (PAMS) | Effect of Pulsed Laser Annealing on the Optoelectronic Properties of ZnO Thin Films |
| Sajal Islam (PAMS) | Simulation and Fabrication of All Oxide Based Glass/ITO/TiO2/CuO/Au Heterostructure for Solar Cell Application |
Fall 2020
| Date | Speaker | Title |
|---|---|---|
| 9/3 | David Magness (PAMS) | Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulations of Atomic Layer Deposition |
| Tauhidul Islam (PAMS) | Study of Size-controlled CoO@MnFe2O4 Core-shell Nanoparticle | |
| 9/10 | Dr. Matthew Horton Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory |
Democratizing Access to Materials Science with the Materials Project |
| 9/17 | Nadib Akram (PAMS) | A Raman Study of Actinide Complex Species in Aqueous Chloride Solutions at High P-T Conditions |
| Sudha Krishnan (PAMS) | Exploring Topological Weyl Semimetals Isostructural to YbMnBi2 and Co2MnGa | |
| 9/24 | Dr. Andrew Mason University of Central Arkansas |
Do They Care, and Does It Matter? An Analysis of Learning Goals and Perceived Relevance of Introductory Physics to Life Science Majors |
| 10/1 | Dr. Jessica Krogstad University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign |
Exploring the Potential of Concentrated Point Defects: Their Role in Mass Transport, Microstructural Evolution and Material Functionality |
| 10/15 |
Dr. Paul Canfield |
Cooking, Fishing and Jogging through Phase Space: A Practical Guide to Discovering and Understanding New Materials |
| 10/22 | Dr. Dilpuneet Aidhy University of Wyoming |
Properties of Concentrated Alloys Predicted from Atomistic Calculations and Machine Learning |
| 10/29 | Abiodun Odusanya (PAMS) |
A Study of Laser-assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Technique to Grow Carbon-based Materials |
| Sajal Islam (PAMS) | TiO2-CuO Heterostructure Solar Cell for Cost Effective and Better Optoelectronic Properties | |
| 11/5 | Alin Niraula (PAMS) | Predicting Thermal Conductivity of High Temperature Ceramics (Diborides) |
| Abu Zobair (PAMS) | Effect of Pulsed Laser Annealing on ZnO Thin Films | |
| 11/12 | Dr. Alannah Hallas University of British Columbia |
Competing Orders and Phases in Pyrochlore Magnets |
| 11/19 | Bikash Timalsina (PAMS) | EAM and RF-MEAM Interatomic Potential Development to Study Thermal Properties of Zirconium Diboride |
| 12/3 | Dr. Catherine Espaillat Boston University |
A Panchromatic View of Variability in Protoplanetary Disks |
Spring 2020
| Date | Speaker | Title |
|---|---|---|
| 1/23 |
Yuxuan Lu (PAMS) |
Reactive MD Simulation on the Formation of Amorphous Sub-nano Alumina Layer |
| Moudip Nandi (PAMS) | Synthesis and Characterization of Barium Titanate and Carbon-based Core-Shell Nano Particles | |
| 1/30 | Abdullah Shafe (PAMS) | Magnetic Properties of NiO Based Magnetic Heterostructured Nano Crystals (MHNCs) |
| Joy Roy (PAMS) | Fabrication of CFO@C Core/Shell Nanoparticles by Laser Ablation | |
| 2/6 | Dr. Mallory Molina Montana State University |
Resolving Black Hole and Star-Formation Activity in Nearby Galaxies |
| 2/7 | Dr. Mallory Molina Montana State University |
Towards a More Inclusive Astronomy: Building Community for All in Academia |
| 2/13 | Christopher Robledo (PAMS) | Heterostructure of 2D Materials |
| Shahidul Asif (PAMS) | Study of ZnO for Thin Film Transistor | |
| 2/20 | Dr. Bharat Ratra Kansas State University |
The Accelerating Expanding Universe: Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and Einstein's Cosmological Constant, or Why Jim Peebles was Awarded Half of the 2019 Physics Nobel Prize |
| 2/27 | Dr. Wouter Montfrooij University of Missouri, Columbia |
Does Spontaneous Fragmentation of a Magnetic Lattice Lead to Heavy Fermion Behavior? |
| 3/5 | Dr. Ariful Haque (alum) North Carolina State University |
Fabrication of Q-carbon and Diamond Films by Ultrafast Laser Processing and Deposition for Electron Field Emission and Electrocatalysis Applications |
Fall 2019
| Date | Speaker | Title |
|---|---|---|
| 8/29 |
Rajan Khadka (PAMS) |
Study of Amorphous Boron Carbide (a-BxC) Materials using Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Hybrid Reverse Monte Carlo (HRMC) |
| Muztoba Rabbani (PAMS) | Development of Multicomponent EAM Potential for Ni Based SuperAlloy | |
| 9/5 |
Hayley Sohn (PhD student, alum) |
Active Liquid Crystal Skyrmions |
| 9/12 | Sabila Kader Pinky (PAMS) | Molecular Dynamics (MD) Study of Creep Deformation in Ni-based Superalloy |
| 9/19 | Moudip Nandi (PAMS) | Synthesis and Characterization of Oxide Carbide Core Shell Nano Particles |
| Joy Roy (PAMS) | Fabrication of CFO@C Core/Shell Nanoparticles by Laser Ablation | |
| 9/26 | Abdullah Shafe (PAMS) | Structural and Magnetic Properties of NiO@MnxNi1-xO Core-Shell Nanoparticles Synthesized at Varying pH Values |
| Sinjan Majumder (PAMS) | Development of a CVD Assisted PLD System for Growing Thin Films | |
| 10/3 | Dr. Alexander Kozhanov Georgia State University |
Spin Waves in Structured Ferromagnetic Materials |
|
10/16 |
Dr. Lloyd Lumata |
Hyperpolarized Magnetic Resonance: Enhancing NMR and MRI Signals by >10,000-fold for Real-Time Metabolic Assessment of Cancer |
| 10/24 |
Dr. Marco Cavaglià |
Unraveling the Universe's Deepest Mysteries with Gravitational Waves |
| 10/31 | Dr. Rao Khan Washington University in St. Louis |
Keeping Physics Relevant in Ever-changing Practice of Radiological Medicine |
| 11/7 | Dr. Yew San Hor Missouri University of Science and Technology |
Promising Candidates for Topological Superconductors |
| 11/14 | Christopher Robledo (PAMS) | Heterostructure of 2D Materials |
| Shahidul Asif (PAMS) | A Comparative Study of Characteristics of ZnO TFT for Various Substrate and Fabrication Parameters | |
| 12/5 | Dr. Emmett Redd Missouri State University |
Mathematics and Physics: How to Make Artificial Intelligence More Like Biological Intelligence |